Suffering In Shakespeares Plays Essay - 1873 Words

Suffering In Shakespeares Plays How does suffering affect ones actions? Do different types of suffering affect one in different ways? This paper seeks to determine how William Shakespeares characters respond to various types of suffering. Suffering can be defined in two ways; physical suffering, in which the character is inflicted with physical pain and trauma, and emotional suffering, where the character suffers an emotional trauma or loss. In The Tempest, the physically traumatized characters, are Trinculo and Stephano. They are chased by dogs but their physical trauma has not induced any sign of remorse or guilt. Ferdinand, on the other hand, is overcome by emotional suffering at the quot;lossquot; of his son. In King Lear,†¦show more content†¦quot;The mistress which I serve quickens whats dead and makes my labors pleasure.quot; (Tempest, III, i, 6-7) Alonso, Sebastian, and Antonio, who are denounced as quot;men of sinquot; (Tempest, III,, iii, 53) are driven by Ariel into a frenzy of madness. Alonso is deeply affected, he believes the quot;deathquot; of his son to be punishment and he confesses his guilt and seeks to atone for it. He is purified through the trial and reconciled with Prospero at the plays end. Neither Antonio nor Sebastian, who are equally guilty, is affected in this way. They remain impenitent. Their incapacity for remorse is punished, Ariel suggests by a quot;ling ring perdition, worse than any death.quot; ( Tempest, III, iii, 77) Stephano, the Kings butler, and Trinculo, the jester, plot to overthrow Prospero. Their trial and suffering take form in a physical way. They are submerged in a horse pond and then hunted by Prosperos dogs. King Lear allows one to see how physical suffering can bring on emotional suffreing. This can be seen in the two main characters of each subplot. Lear, King of Brittain, is described as quot;a very foolish old man, fourscore and upward.quot; His fatal flaw of rashness causes his suffering. The Earl of Gloucester lacks Lears capacity for wrath but shares his fatal flaw of rashness. Like Lear, he is made to suffer greatly by his children before he gains true insight. Cordelia, LearsShow MoreRelatedThe Twelfth Night - Development of Themes889 Words   |  4 Pages’ Many say William Shakespeare is the most influential writer in all of English literature with works hailed by Elizabeth I, James I and literary luminaries such as Ben Jonson. Shakespeare wrote the critically acclaimed Twelfth Night in 1601 during the middle of his career. This play incorporates illusion, deception, disguises, madness and shows the extraordinary things that love with cause us to do. Shakespeare cleverly develops the theme of ‘love as a cause of suffering’ through language techniquesRead MoreHuman Suffering in Inferno and King Lear Essay example1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthe reasons for, and results of, human suffering. Each work postulates that human suffering comes as a result of choices that are made: A statement that is not only applicable to the characters in each of the works, but also to the readers. The Inferno and King Lear speak universal truths about the human condition: that suffering is inevitable and unavoidable. While both King Lear and the Inferno concentrate on admonitions and lamentations of human suffering, one of the key differences between theRead MoreCharacters in Romeo and Juliet by Williams Shakespeare Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pages429-430) With this quote, Shakespeare is telling his audience that misery isn’t caused by â€Å"the sun, moon, and stars†. It is the cause of one’s own actions, but people believe that when they suffer, it isn’t their fault, and they blame others. That, according to Shakespeare, is the idiocy of the world. In Shakespeare’s plays, specifically King Lear and Romeo and Juliet, grieving is a common theme, and it makes a greater point about humanity. Shakespeare makes people suffer in his plays to show his audienceRead MoreShakespeare s Othello As A Tragic Hero1517 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle and why does he label Shakespeare’s play, Othello, as a tragedy? Aristotle is a famous Greek philosopher who defines Shakespeare’s character, Othello, as a tragic hero. Many parts in Othello tell the readers that the play is a tragedy, such as jealousy, arguing, and death, which makes the play famous and delightful to read. Aristotle has identified many common traits or characteristics that a tragic hero requires. In Shakespeare s play, Aristotle defines many features that cause theRead MoreA Tragic Hero As Used By Shakespeare. In, â€Å"The Tragedy1657 Words   |  7 PagesA Tragic Hero as Used by Shakespeare In, â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar,† by William Shakespeare, you can see Shakespeare’s use of a tragic hero. The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a play about how Marcus Brutus and Cassius contemplate the murder of the great Julius Caesar. The play discusses the planning of the murder, and the events that follow the catastrophe. Brutus is one of the conspirators in the murdering of Caesar and is also one of his beloved friends. Shakespeare incorporates traditionalRead MoreEssay on King Lear/Inferno1246 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reasons for and results of human suffering. Both works postulate that human suffering comes as a result of choices that are made. That statement is not only applicable to the characters in each of the works, but also to the readers. The Inferno and King Lear speak universal truths about the human condition: that suffering is inevitable and unavoidable. While both King Lear and the Inferno concentrate on the admonitions and lamentations of human s uffering, there is one key difference between theRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1522 Words   |  7 Pagestorture presented in the play Othello opens up the discussions of how deep does this torture go. Was Othello the only one to be tortured throughout the play and what kind of torture is this considered when Iago doesn’t touch a single person until the end of the play. Iago’s behind the scenes and not so behind the scene multiplication moves the play along at a pace that makes it impossible not to place on the blame on him. The question is not if he is at fault by the end of the play; the question ends upRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1469 Words   |  6 PagesIn countless plays by Shakespeare, subplots are inserted to create more intricate and colorful stories. These subplots also help draw out ideas and concepts that are important for the audience to see, helping them understand the main plot better. One of Shakespeare’s play s, King Lear, has a subplot which shows the concepts of family bonds and identity. Shakespeare starts out the play with the subplot to show the audience that it is vital to know their part of the story to see the resolution of theRead MoreTwelfth Night, As You Like It by William Shakespeare1153 Words   |  5 Pageswere left a mystery for which we as readers must wonder if his plays and sonnets give clue. When going to a Shakespearean play one will find the experience in its self, is one of love, loss, and tragedy. People would come from all around to feel the way Shakespeare wanted the audience to feel. He wanted to express his life and his way of thinking through his art which was dramatic writing. Shakespeare expresses his love through his plays such as Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Hamlet and many othersRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 Pagesmasked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, it is actually foolhardy lust that kills Romeo and Juliet. To begin, Shakespeare goes out of his way to mock the idea of love. The use

The No Child Left Behind Act - 1670 Words

Literature Review: Every Student Succeeds Act Suzanne Hatton, BSW, LSW University of Kentucky-SW 630 Abstract This literature review seeks to explore the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), a bipartisan reauthorization and revision to the No Child Left Behind Act (2002). The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is the first law passed in fourteen years to address Reneeded changes to the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Considered progressive and innovative at the time of its passage, NCLB was the most dramatic and aggressive legislation enacted in decades and afforded the federal government enormous oversight of schools in the U.S. Passage of ESSA represents a shift back to state governance of schools and, whether†¦show more content†¦Instead, President Obama continued to use federal authority to guide and enforce state reforms, leading some to call his endorsement â€Å"NCLB on steroids† (Mathis, 2011). When congress and the administration recognized the need to rewrite the legislation, they were unable to formulate a bipartisan agreement to ensure passage of a new bill unti l December, 2015 – fourteen years after passing the NCLB Act. Literature Review Numerous studies have detailed the small successes and numerous failures associated with NCLB and the need for change (Aldeman, 2015, Dee Jacob, 2010, Hess, 2015). Because it is still so new, there is less scholarship evident regarding the Every Student Succeeds Act. When ESSA was made into law in December, 2015, popular media hailed its’ passage as a referendum against the NCLB and a cause for celebration. The Wall Street Journal described it as â€Å"the largest devolution of federal control to the states in a quarter-century† and the New York Times described ESSA as â€Å"the end of an era in which the federal government aggressively policed public school performance, and returned control to states and local districts.† One of the major changes brought about by ESSA is expected to be its’ effect on rural schools (Brenner, 2016). NCLB was especially criticized for its impact on rural schools (e.g., Eppley, 2009; Jimerson, 2005; Reeves, 2003). AccountabilityShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Act1621 Words   |  7 Pages The support for the No Child Left Behind Act plummeted down shortly after the act passed. Many people supported the act at first simply because they supported the goals of the act, once they saw the results, their opinions changed. One of the biggest arguments towards No Child Left Behind is that it is unfair. People believed the resources of difference schools were unequal, and thought the Title 1 funding that the schools received should go to ensuring all schools had equal resources. Many peopleRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act875 Words   |  4 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act â€Å"NCLB† was a bill passed by the Senate in 2001 and signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002. It was a revision of the Elementary and Secondary Act â€Å"ESEA† of 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson. The NCLB was intended to help children in lower-income families achieve the same stan dard of education as children in higher income families. This was done by the federal government providing extra finances for Title I schools in exchange for a rise in academicRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1418 Words   |  6 Pagessystematic oppression. The flowing water of oppression floods poor schools; drowning students with dreams, and giving no mercy. The only ones safe from the water are the privileged, who are oblivious to the fact that it exists. George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act, which passed in 2002, mandated annual standardized testing in math and reading. If schools received insufficient scores, they were punished or shut down. This fueled the construed concept that a school is only doing well if the students haveRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesuccessful at it. (Source 7) Next, the â€Å"No Child left behind Act† it was signed by President George W. Bush and it passed with bipartisan support on Jan. 8, 2002. This Act states that there will be mandated annual testing in the subject reading and math and science. In the grades 3-8 and 10th grade. It shows the Adequate Yearly Progress of each school in the system of the United States. (source 1) The biggest point of this Act is that no child is â€Å"trapped in a failing school† (source 1). That eachRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act2120 Words   |  9 PagesWhen President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) into law in 2002, the legislation had one goal-- to improve educational equity for all students in the United States by implementing standards for student achievement and school district and teacher performance. Before the No Child Left Behind Act, the program of study for most schools was developed and implemented by individual states and local communities†™ school boards. Proponents of the NCLB believed that lax oversightRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1988 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 8, 2002, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law (also known as the NCLB). The No Child Left Behind Act was the latest reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, a federal education bill addressing the nation’s schools. At his signing ceremony, Bush stated, â€Å"There’s no greater challenge than to make sure that every child—and all of us on this stage mean every child, not just a few children—every single child, regardless of where they live, how they’reRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act was the biggest educational step taken by president Bush and his administration. Its main goal included the increase of achievement in education and completely eliminate the gap between different racial and ethnic grou ps. Its strategies had a major focus on uplifting test scores in schools, hiring â€Å"highly qualified teachers† and deliver choices in education. Unluckily, the excessive demands of the law have not succeeded in achieving the goals that were set, and have causedRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1747 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act (NALB) was signed into law by the former President of the United States George Walker Bush on the 8th of January 2002. It was a congressional attempt to encourage student achievement through some reforms focused on elementary and secondary education programs in the United States. The NCLB requires that within a decade all students including those with disabilities to perform at a proficient level on their state academic evaluation testsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1124 Words   |  5 PagesChristian J. Green Dr. Shoulders NCLB and ESSA 28 February 2016 The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was authorized by and signed into law in 2002. NCLB was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. NCLB was meant to hold schools to higher standards, enforce accountability, and close achievement gaps that had existed in education since ESEA was enacted. Nevertheless, the rigorous standards and goals set forth under NCLB were never attained. ESEA Flexibility couldRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1615 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was established to close student achievement gaps in academics by providing all children with equal or significant opportunities to obtain a high quality of education (Education, 2008). Under the NCLB Act, school administrators and teachers are required to meet adequate yearly progress goals (AYP) on the standardized state and national tests. These goals compare student achievement on standardized test from year to year. All students are expected to show improvement

Edgar Degas Essay Example Example For Students

Edgar Degas Essay Example Edgar Degas was a French artist, some people would refer to him as the expert of drawing the human figure in motion. He was known as an Impressionists, and was different from all the other artist of his type. Edgar Degas was a person who, at certain times, brashly defied propriety and common social practice. Although he could be the nicest person, at times he would go into rages during social gatherings, becoming hostile with the people who disagreed with his ways and opinions. Edgar Degas was born on July 19, 1834, at Saint-Georges in Paris. His father was a French banker, and his mother was an American from New Orleans. While Degas was growing up his idol was the painter. He began his artistic studies with Louis Lamothes, a pupil of Ingres. After studying there he moved on and started classes at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. In 1854, he left and went to Italy. For 5 years he stayed there and studied Italian art, mainly works. Edgar Degas was known as an Impressionist. The Impressionist were artist who exhibited their works of art in independent shows from 1874 to 1886. It was the common desire to make an open forum for artist to show their work that united the group. The word Impressionist was created by the critic Louis Leroy after seeing paintings in the first Impressionists exhibition in April of 1874. The name that Leroy gave his article in the French periodical was Charivari Exhibition of the Impressionists and sarcastically protected the new style of painting that ignored details, bared brushstrokes, and put unblended colors beside each other. Just like most of the French public, Leroy did not take into consideration the works by Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar as art that deserved serious attention. In 1859 he returned to Paris. There he painted portraits of family and friends and many historical subjects, where he used both classical and romantic styles. In the late 1860s he switched to contemporary themes, painting both theatrical scenes and portraits with big emphasis on social and intellectual implications of props and setting. Around 1868 Degas began to get recognized as an artist. During the early 1870s, the female became Degass favorite theme. In his studio he sketched from a live model and put poses together in groupings that illustrated rehearsal and performance scenes. In 1872 he visited some of his relatives in Louisiana, he painted The Cotton Exchange at New Orleans, which is his only picture that was aquired by a museum in his lifetime. Pastels became Edgars preferred type of art after 1880. By using sharper colors he gave more attention to surface patterning, depicting milliners, and laundresses. Degas depended on memory and earlier drawings for the poses. Even though he became guarded and withdrawn late in life, Edgar made strong friendships with literary people. He exhibited a sculpture in 1881, Little Dancer, and after that his eyesight failed. From there on he turned to sculpture, and modeling figures in wax over metal armatures. The sculptures he made stayed in his studio in disrepair and after his death were cast in bronze.

Marbury Vs. Madison Essays - Randolph Family Of Virginia

Marbury Vs. Madison As the government was newly establishing its stronghold on the nation, forging its way to a powerful republic and instituting precedents for the future, a struggle to preserve the foundations of American Society instituted by Washington and John Adams existed as Thomas Jefferson took office. In an attempt to maintain the edifice of the National Government believing Jefferson would topple the prestigious nation with his atheist views, Adams appointed various Federalists to the judiciary. Thus, attributing to the single most significant case of the Supreme Court, Marbury Vs. Madison, a struggle between Republicans and Federalists that would end in a future altered by fate. This controversial landmark case established the constitution as Supreme law of the United States and developed the power of the Supreme Court, enhancing its independence and proving it a nonpartisan instrument. It established the precedent for the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of laws, through the p rinciple of judicial review. The development of this power to interpret the constitution instituted the flexibility of the constitution and the ability to forge a road of precedent unfamiliar to the new government, as well as firmly grounding the role of the Judicial Branch. To up hold the precedent already established in the united states by Federalists such as Washington and in fear of the Democratic republican ideas of Jefferson, Adams was determined to keep the federalists in office. Jefferson would have power over congress, but in a midnight appointment, Adams last day in office he created a judiciary with a stronghold of Federalism. A few technicalities derived into a failure to deliver the commissions and therefore once discover by Jefferson who saw them as a judiciary of ardent political leaders, they were kept from delivery. Jefferson, wanting control appointed some of his own judges, and attempted to abolish the jobs of the new circuit judges, of the few whom received their commission. Thus, threatening the foundation of a stable government and the independence of the judiciary system. John Marshall, Chief Justice, appointed by Adams despised Jefferson and sought to undermine his power and authority, which he felt was unjust. Madbury Vs. Madiso n gave him this opportunity, an opportunity to attack his enemy head on. He believed the judicial repeal act that Jefferson and this Secretary of State, James Madison, sought, was unconstitutional, and through these beliefs he acted boldly, instituting judicial precedent. William Madbury, feeling he had a right to his position of Justice of Peace, asked the Court to issue an order forcing Madison to appoint Marbury, whose commission he was with holding in order to replace him with a Republican. Marshall demanded an explanation why such a writ should not be ordered, thus attempting to assort authority over the Executive Branch. Marshall was determined to assail upon Jefferson and used this case as an excuse, especially because of the abolition of the circuit courts and the postponement of the next Supreme Court hearing, to by time. Jeffersonians then attempted to obstruct the truth and sly away from responsibility, ultimately not facing up to the accusations of with holding viable commissions, and a sending the supreme court into a round about investigation, in which officials refused to testify and failed to appear before the court. Marshall was questioning the authority of the executive branch, trotting on thin ground to be exact, and putting him sel f in an unstable predicament. With the Jeffersonians boycotting the hearing, Marshall was thrown into a position that would shape the future power of the Supreme Court. His only option stood to either issue the writ requested by Madbury, which was an act of contempt toward the executive branch, which might end in the impeachment of Marshall and reduce the prestige and authority of the Court. The only other option was to surrender to Jefferson, which was not a choice for Marshall, but he found a way out, giving him the title Founder of Constitutional law. Marbury was entitled to his commission and the acts of Madison were a violation of the law, but the Supreme Court could not authorize a writ, for it wasnt in their power. Marshall backed this weak argument up with section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789,

Counselor and Ethical Boundaries

Introduction Boundary issues in counseling result from failure of a counselor to stick to the limits to which he/she is professionally authorized regarding a client. As a counselor, I have to ensure that my relationships with clients remain professional when delivering psychological services within the restrictive parameters that are safe for clients.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Counselor and Ethical Boundaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dual relationships, on the other hand, refer to a situation where, in addition to profession relationship, a significant emotional relationship exists between the client and the counselor. This dual relationship is generally unfit for professional counseling, since there will be power imbalance that may negatively influence the counseling process (Syme, 2003, p.6). Boundary Issues and Dual Relationships Various issues exist in relation to situations pertaining to ethic al and appropriate professional relationships between the counselor and the client. Boundaries to a counselor might include the fee charged, time span of the counseling sessions, level of personal disclosure, and physical contact. The primary concern of counselors is establishment of boundaries and management with respect to individual clients, where the counselor focuses on delivering services beneficial for clients. Although determination of whether acts are appropriate or ethical may be difficult, the above criteria can clearly distinguish their appropriateness. Observation of these boundary issues and dual relationships is paramount, considering the existence of inherent power imbalance where the client trusts the therapist’s expertise, and therefore discloses personal information (Pope, Tabachnick Keith-Spiegel, 1987). There are situations where dual relationships are complex and ambiguous. In this case, there is a need for application of a decision-making model where c lients are involved in discussions to maintain professionalism. In my place of counseling in the community, it coincidentally happens that among the clients who come for counseling services are my students whom I teach in college. In this case, an ambiguous dual and complex relationship exists. In such a case, there must be a discussion with clients in order to avoid interactions that may hamper success of counseling services. Over and above discussion and avoidance, therapists may choose to terminate the therapy process in order to observe the codes of conduct. As a counselor, I may be involved in community projects of my interest, where I am appointed as a board member. It coincidentally happens that among the board members are my clients who go ahead to meet me in person during the board meetings, and openly admit being glad of sharing similar interest and characteristics in the community. These situations call for one-on-one discussion with clients to enable distinction of the t wo relationships.Advertising Looking for report on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One example of a complex dual relationship may occur in a case when an unmarried counselor is celebrating a special day, and in the process, a friendly couple joins his celebration and decides to take charge of organizing the occasion and inviting other people. The couple also invites another single person of the opposite sex, a situation that happens to be a blind date for the counselor. Coincidentally, the blind date turns out to be one of the counselor’s clients, thus resulting in a complex dual relationship. As a counselor, agreeing into the invitation is fine, but clear-cut distinctions of both relationships must be established through personal discussion with the client. The same decision model can be applied to a scenario where close friends come for counseling services, putting pressure on the counselor to pay special atte ntion to them considering that his services are the only relevant and available counseling services in the community (Borys Pope, 1989). Thinking Development about Ethics Dual Relationships and boundary issues with respect to professional counseling can be generally concluded as a result of therapists being members of the community. Generally, dual relationships cannot be avoided, since counselors carry out their day-to-day activities within the community and more so, they have their own interests and livelihoods. In a case where a counselor is elected to membership of a community project boards in which one of the clients is also a member, there arises an issue of complexity with respect to a dual relationship. Modification of thought in such issues of complexity bases its claims on the fact that counselors cannot continuously deny the opportunity of advancing their interests in order to avoid dual relationships with clients. In order to resolve issues related to the dual relation ships, new ways of managing dual relationships should be put in place rather than evade the relationships. Dual relationships widely vary and may include social, professional, business, communal, and even institutional relationships. These relationships often result in complex professionalism issues that are ambiguous and difficult to resolve. Dynamic views towards these complexities involve distinctive dual relationships where counseling is completely separated from the emotional relations shared outside the profession. The client should understand that the counselor has a duty to observe professional codes of conduct irrespective of other relationships. At work, both the client and therapist must make the assumption that no other relationship exists, and that the right to this distinction during interactions outside therapy is paramount. References Borys, D.S., Pope, K.S. (1989) ‘Dual relationships between therapist and client: A national study of psychologists, psychiatris ts, and social workers’. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20(5); 283-293.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Counselor and Ethical Boundaries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B.G., Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987) ‘Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists’. American Psychologist, 42(11); 993-1006. Syme, G. (2003) Dual Relationships in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Exploring the Limits. NY: SAGE. This report on Counselor and Ethical Boundaries was written and submitted by user DinahSoar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Do You Need a Book Editor Why Authors Have to Hire Editors

Do You Need a Book Editor Why Authors Have to Hire Editors Do You Need a Book Editor? Why Authors Have to Hire Editors Do you really need to hire a book editor- especially when you self-publish?Let’s face itGone are the days when an aspiring writer only dreamed of publishing. Technology has made self-publishing about as commonplace as learning to drive.Heres what youll learn about hiring a book editor:Why do you need a book editor?What does a book editor do?What the self-editing process isWhen to hire an editing teamWhat is a good book editorHow much does a book editor cost?Accepting that you need an editorNOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhy do you need a book editor?Tried and true strategies for creating, producing, and organizing content are readily available to any aspiring author along with a wide range of self-publishing courses from self-publishing companies and free resources that decode the once mysterious process of writing and publishing a book.An yone willing to put in the time, energy, cost, and effort can crank out and self-publish a book. It’s really that simple. Well, that’s the good news.Far less straightforward, however, is the multifaceted, often undervalued topic of book editing- the essential step that makes your manuscript actually worth reading.Working with an editor is, in fact, so important that some authors, particularly fiction writers, begin their writing process with an editor’s support. Most authors seek the help of an editor at the end stages of their process, and, depending on how much work was put into the first draft, hiring an entire editorial team may be necessary. If this sounds costly and time-consuming, it definitely can be, but these are included in the cost of publishing a book. Fortunately, the work and cost of editing your manuscript can be mitigated by educating yourself about the process, incorporating editing costs into your overall budget, and learning how to self-edit your manuscript, so you can be prepared for the last step in turning your manuscript into a finished book. And you thought writing the manuscript was the hard part!The Self-Editing ProcessAfter the grueling first draft is complete, many first-time authors find themselves dismayed by the unforeseen cost of editing. Not to mention overwhelmed by the extensive rewriting they are suddenly burdened with just when they thought the heavy lifting was over. Most novice writers are unaware that revision is 80 percent of the work involved in book writing. So if you get to that glorious moment when you finish your rough draft only to feel beaten down when you realize just how much revising you have to do, you’re not alone.For those unaware of what it will ultimately take to polish your manuscript for publication, the back-end job you are presented with at the last stages of writing a book can be both costly and extensive if you didn’t devote ample time to editing early drafts.But there is hope!Considering the following can help you prepare your draft for editorial review and save you money.When to Hire Your Editing TeamYes, I said â€Å"team.† When I worked in traditional publishing, every manuscript went through no less than four separate editors. Sometimes close to a dozen rounds of editing.And you know what? There were still usually a few typos that slipped through!Let that sink in for a second.Just as producing a manuscript involves a varied skill set- writing, formatting, cover design, etc.- so does editing it. Depending on your genre, writing skills, experience, and how much time you put into revising your draft and incorporating the feedback of trustworthy readers, you can determine which kind of editor you need to get you to the next phase without spending extra time and money. Estimating editing costs (along with the approximate time it will take to complete each stage of the editing process) in your budget and timeline will also save you ti me and energy finding top-notch editors you can afford. What makes a good book editor can I afford one?Well, yes. But only if you are willing to put the time and effort into your manuscript.Before you start reaching out to prospective editors, it is important to assess the work you’ve done from an objective standpoint so you can shop according to your budget and particular needs.Consider the following before hiring a book editor:Your overall budget for editingHow many beta readers have provided feedback (people who read your rough draft)Your experience levelYour timelineHow much time has been spent reworking the textIf you’ve never worked with an editor before, it’s important to know who does what and when to employ their services.There are a few different types of edits to be aware of before hiring an editor.Developmental editors address the big picture, looking closely at the content to analyze structure, plot, and characters in works of fiction and the rheto rical concerns, organization, and overall flow of ideas in non-fiction. Content editors analyze the existing content in the book itself. Specifically paragraph flow, tense, voice, and readability. Just remember that all editing is subjective. What one editor likes, another may not. So it is super important to find someone who specializes in your book genre for this stage.Copy editors focus on the nitty-gritty of grammar, syntax, punctuation, and clarity and may also revise and rework particular sentences or paragraphs. Proofreaders are the last readers/editors in line who myopically comb through the manuscript for any remaining errors. Just remember, if you didn’t have your draft copyedited first, the proofreader is unlikely to catch everything.Keep in mind no one is perfect. Typos happen. It’s just life.Depending on your genre, skillset, and budget, you may want to consult with developmental editors after you’ve written several chapters or even as you outline y our book and brainstorm.This will help you steer clear of major revision (hopefully) and set you on course for a smooth book writing process. In general, it’s a good idea to start assembling your team as you near the end stages and prepare yourself and your manuscript for editorial review.Heres an example of what you can (and should) find regarding the different types of book edits when you research your own editor.How Much Does a Book Editor Cost?Most editors do not charge by the hour. Book editing costs are assessed based on word count or by the page, and editing rates differ depending on the type you need. Generally, you can expect to pay anywhere from $.05-.18 per word for copyediting, $.03-.07 for developmental editing, and $.01-.02 for proofreading.These costs vary greatly depending on the editor’s experience, reputation, demand, and the amount of work they will need to put into your draft. It is not uncommon to spend several thousand dollars editing a full-lengt h book. But fear not! There are various approaches you can take to keep costs low if money is an issue.Heres how you can save money when hiring an editor:Assemble a team of beta readers who can provide feedback for revisions during the writing process. Share several chapters at a time, incorporate any feedback into your revisions, and choose people who are willing to give you honest notes. This can be particularly helpful for content-related issues.Consider hiring a college student or reader with a background in English who has a passion for editing and won’t be concerned about hurting your feelings.Check out freelance websites like UpWorkor even a great site called Scribendi. (Warning: if you source an editor from these sites, make sure you hire another, professional set of eyes to go over it afterward. There is no way to know what you are getting otherwise. Just because the draft comes back better than it was before, does not mean it was well-edited!)Take the time to educat e yourself about grammar, punctuation, outlining, and other technical issues, especially for nonfiction works. Rely on websites such as The Owl at Purdue for style guidelines and support with grammar, punctuation, and research concerns.Fiction writers may want to join a writers group or workshop to benefit from the help of others who have experience with your genre and can help you develop your craft, challenge flaws in your narrative or character development, and help you improve the overall quality of your story. A flawed plot or character is much harder to revise after you finish writing your book, so it’s important to catch such problematic aspects of your book early on.Don’t overestimate your skills and brilliance as an author! At least not when you’re working your early drafts. Even the best writers agonize over and discard much of what they initially produce, as there is simply no way around combining inspiration with structure.Read books on writing, seek information about the kind of writing you’re doing, and find ways to approach your work with a fresh perspective.Give yourself ample time and space away from your project so you can see it as clearly and objectively as possible.Accept that you will never be totally objective about your writing, and that you will need, no matter how great your book is, the help of others to turn your manuscript into a masterpiece.Your Book is Still Your BookWhen all is said and done, just keep in mind this is your book and no one else’s. The beauty of self-publishing is that you have the final say in your own work.There is no big, bad publisher denouncing your creative freedom.If you don’t agree with some of the suggested edits, delete them! Your editors don’t know your book-baby as well as you do. So, while expert feedback is essential to creating a polished, professional-quality book, have some faith in yourself and your writing.You chose to write for a reason. So keep that in mind as your editor chops up the book you worked oh-so-hard on.When you find the right editors (and it may take a few tries), whom you work well with, hold onto them! If you do, it will be mutually beneficial as you create and build together.Happy editing!Are you ready to publish your book for success?Hiring a book editor is just one of the many steps necessary in the publishing process.In order to avoid making mistakes when publishing, watch our free training that goes into depth on how to succeed as a self-published author.

The impact and clinical outcome of the preoperative screening Dissertation

The impact and clinical outcome of the preoperative screening investigations in individuals going in for elective surgeries - Dissertation Example This is because, surgery is always associated with some risk for the patient, both due to the procedure and due to the anesthesia administered for the procedure. Whatever be the level of risk, due to medico-legal implications, every anesthetist performs a detailed evaluation of the patient prior to shifting to operating room. Evaluation includes detailed history taking pertaining to the present disease, past diseases, medications that the patient is taking, known allergies to any drugs, family history of any significant health ailments and personal history like drugs, alcohol and smoking. Evaluation also includes review of previous investigations, detailed physical examination and laboratory testing. In many parts of the world there are protocols for routine laboratory testing like complete blood picture, serum electrolytes, BUN and creatinine, liver function tests, urine analysis, chest X-ray and electrocardiogram (Garcia et al, 2003). However, there are reports and more and more st udies are pointing to the fact that these routine investigations have no role in ascertaining fitness for surgery in otherwise healthy individuals posted for elective surgery. The experts are of the opinion that investigations must be considered only on individual basis because; the percentage of abnormal reports from the tests are minimal and even when abnormalities are detected is no change is done in the perioperative management of the surgical patient. Another important aspect of routine testing is that it does not stratify and predict perioperative complications (Narr et al, 1997), thus, defeating the very purpose of preoperative testing. They are also costly and add to health care (Narr et al, 1991). In this review, the impact and clinical outcomes of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals posted for elective surgery will be discussed through review and critical analysis of suitable literature. Aim The main aim of the study is to ascertain the o utcome of routine preoperative testing in otherwise healthy individuals for elective surgeries. Objectives The objectives are to study the impact and outcomes of routine preoperative testing in terms of change in case management based on abnormalities, percentage of abnormalities identified, cost to patient and health care system, iatrogenic injury and to understand guidelines for preoperative testing in healthy subjects. Materials and methods To find pertinent literature studies, the initial literature searches progress was conducted in the various databases, Blackwell-Synergy, CINAHL, CMJA, Cochrane, EMBASE, Health Reference Center Academic, Internures, MD Consult, Mosby’s Nursing Consult, Proquest5000 and ScienceDirect. It was found that numerous articles were available. In order to further analyse manageable number of the quality and acceptability of the research articles, inclusion criteria were conducted in the following search strategy. The applicable key terms were co mbined with using thesaurus, truncation, Boolean operators and other limit, such as a language, subject fields of journal and years of publication in the search strategy. For example, â€Å"preoperative†, â€Å"preop†, or â€Å"screening for surgery† combined with â€Å"investigations†, â€Å"laboratory tests†, â€Å"tests†, or â€Å"assessment† as title and text words were utilised in the search strategy. Also, it includes studies published from 1985 to 2011, health, medicine and nursing fields and English language articles. Thus, several relevant